Abbreviations with full form in Highways

Abbreviations with full form in Highways are as under :

1. IS : Indian Standard published by the Bureau of Indian Standards.
2. IRC : Indian Roads Congress.
3. AASHTO : American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
4. ASTM : American Society for Testing and Materials.
5. BS : British Standard published by the British Standards Institution.
6. CBR : California Bearing Ratio.

What is Civil Engineering ?

What is Civil Engineering?

The Civil Engineering discipline is a professional engineering that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways etc.

Planning of Highway

In the modern period of time any development programme is to taken after pre-requisition of planning. It is very necessary in a project of engineering and also basic need in highway development programme. It includes estimation of future and current traffic volumes on a road system. If the funds available are less than the total requirement then to fix the priorities planning is very important. To get the following points planning of highway is to be done. 

(i). With the available funds a good quality road to be given with a maximum length. 

(ii). The planning of highway is to done phasewise for development of roads if the funds are not available to construct the whole road network. 

(iii). The financial system of roads may be worked out by planning of highway. 

(iv). The planning of highway to be done in such a way that the widening and improvement of existing road also consider with the construction of new road.

(v). The priorities to construct of road may be fixed in the planning of highway. If all the roads can not be constructed with the available funds then within the planned period most wanted road may be considered for Construction. 

(vi). In planning of highway shortest route to be considered to minimize the cost.

Highway Engineering

Highways engineering :

Highways Engineering is a branch of Transportation Engineering in Civil Engineering  that involves the planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of roads, bridges and tunnels to ensure safe and effective transportation of people and goods.

The Transportation Engineering is very essential for development of a country by means of fast growth in economic, industrial and cultural programmes. Transportation Engineering has further divided into folloing four branches:

1. Highways Engineering 

2. Railways Engineering 

3. Waterways Engineering 

4. Airways Engineering 

Two mode of transportation systems Waterways and Airways are mainly use with the foreign countries and help to some extent within the country. 

The other two mode of transportation systems Highways and Railways are commonly more use within the country and help to some extent with the foreign countries. 

After World War II towards the later half of twentieth century Highways Engineering became prominent. Highways Engineering standards are continuously being improved. 

Presently the development of country's social and economic growth depends on a good system of Transportation Engineering. The benefits of good transportation can reduce the cost of production by means of increase in productivity and its efficient transportation. The cost of commodities is always influenced by the transportation cost. 

Highway Professionals like Highway Engineers, Structure Engineers, Material Engineers, Traffic Engineers etc. must take into account future traffic flows, design of highway intersections/interchanges, geometric alignment and design, highway pavement materials and design, structural design of pavement thickness, and pavement maintenance.

Article on Save Water

Article on Save Water :

It is studied in Geography that 70 percent of earth's surface covered with water but most of the water is not drinkable because of salty (sea water). The drinkable and useable water comes from the glaciers through above and below ground, ponds, lacks, rivers, dams, canals, hand pumps, engine pumps, submersible pumps etc. for the use of living beings and it is extremely important to preserve it. It not only necessary for living and breaking things. It is also important for non living objects created by human beings. Like making paste of soil for manufacturing of bricks, curing for new constructing buildings, making cement sand paste and cement concrete etc.

We know that the good source of water on the earth provides us from the rivers and ground water comes from the glaciers. It is important to remember that water is limited and will finish in some decades. Therefore, this water should be used very responsibly and avoid wasting. Now there is a lot of water available but if we waste and use it for unnecessary things then there would not be left in the world. Our bodies are made up 70 percent of water so can not live and watery life like seahorses, fishes and coral reefs etc. can not be survive. Living beings i.e. plants, animals also will become dead. The characteristic of earth planet to live house life, which will not be as now.

We can save water in our daily use like do not leave open tap of running water when washing by putting soap on head, body and hands. Instead of taking bath directly from shower, a plastic or steel bucket can be used to save water, unnecessarily do not flush toilets etc. These are the little things to understand for us to save water and there are other ways to save water those can be done easily.

It is to remember that we would be united and committed to save water at our homes. Also in big gatherings water can be saved. All individuals are also able to do saving water, we should not waste water and use very consciously, add it to good effort.

Therefore, water is very valuable thing for us and living beings exists on the earth. Our responsibility is to take care of the planet and save water by any means. As earth is our home we should keep it clean, green and peacefully.